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Palm Olein Price Trend and Forecast

⟳ Weekly Update
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Historical Data Since 2015
|
Forecast for 2026
  • Commodity Pricing

palm olein Price Trends by Country

cnChina
usUnited States
inIndia
aeUnited Arab Emirates
jpJapan
myMalaysia

palm olein Pricing Trends in India: 

  • Northern India palm olein market price trend
  • Southern India palm olein market price trend
  • Central India palm olein market price trend

Global palm olein Price Trend, Analysis and Forecast​

Palm Olein prices in Q2 2025 remained under pressure as weak demand and elevated stock levels weighed on the market. During the quarter Palm olein prices declined by 4.3%. The quarter saw prices bottom out in early June before a modest late-quarter recovery driven by seasonal restocking and renewed buying interest from key markets.

Abundant soybean oil supplies and subdued import activity from India and China continued to cap upward momentum, while production discipline in Malaysia helped avoid steeper declines. Mixed fundamentals left the market testing resistance levels toward the close of the quarter, balancing weak consumption against cautious supply management. According to PriceWatch, RBD Palm Olein ended the quarter at USD 1,024 per metric ton FOB Kelang.

 

Also Read: Palm Kernel Oil Price Trend And Forecast

Palm Olein Price Trend Analysis: Q2 2025

Palm Olein prices in Q2 2025 remained under pressure as weak demand and elevated stock levels weighed on the market. During the quarter Palm olein prices declined by 4.3%. The quarter saw prices bottom out in early June before a modest late-quarter recovery driven by seasonal restocking and renewed buying interest from key markets. Abundant soybean oil supplies and subdued import activity from India and China continued to cap upward momentum, while production discipline in Malaysia helped avoid steeper declines.

Mixed fundamentals left the market testing resistance levels toward the close of the quarter, balancing weak consumption against cautious supply management. According to PriceWatch, RBD Palm Olein ended the quarter at USD 1,024 per metric ton FOB Kelang.  

Palm Olein Price Trend Analysis: Q1 2025

Palm Olein pricing in Q1 2025 extended its downtrend as prices declined by 13.4% high inventories in Malaysia and Indonesia combined with muted buying ahead of Ramadan. Despite this, the market showed relative stability within a narrow trading band, indicating weak but balanced conditions. The quarter reflected intense price competition with soft oils like soybean and sunflower oil, as abundant global vegetable oil supplies suppressed any meaningful recovery.

Buyer sentiment remained cautious, focusing on short-term needs rather than forward purchases. This period highlighted the broader structural weakness in demand despite manageable supply. RBD Palm Olein closed the quarter at USD 1,103 per metric ton FOB Kelang. 

Palm Olein Price Trend Analysis: Q4 2024

Palm Olein prices in Q4 2024 experienced sharp volatility as prices rose sharply by more than 20%, initially supported by Malaysian production concerns and pre-winter stocking from major importers. However, the rally lost steam in December as anticipated demand failed to materialize and profit-taking dominated trading. Shifting inventory reports and evolving biodiesel policy expectations in importing markets further destabilized sentiment.

The quarter’s trajectory demonstrated how quickly sentiment can reverse when macro and seasonal factors diverge. What began as a bullish quarter ended on a weaker note, underscoring the market’s vulnerability to sentiment-driven corrections. RBD Palm Olein concluded the quarter at USD 1,181 per metric ton FOB Kelang. 

Palm Olein Price Trend Analysis: Q3 2024

Palm Olein witnessed its strongest quarterly performance since 2022 in Q3 2024, with prices surging by 13.6% on production shortfalls in Malaysia and Indonesia. Robust demand from India ahead of festival seasons further fuelled the rally, pushing the market above key psychological thresholds. Tight stocks and firm crude palm oil futures amplified upward momentum, reinforcing palm olein’s pricing power relative to competing vegetable oils.

However, concerns emerged over demand sustainability as prices neared multi-year highs, highlighting the delicate balance between seasonal strength and affordability in key importing nations. RBD Palm Olein closed the quarter at USD 1,002 per metric ton FOB Kelang 

Palm Olein Price Trend Analysis: Q2 2024

Palm Olein prices in Q2 2024 rebounded steadily, gaining by 9%, supported by improved export demand and production concerns across Southeast Asia. The market showed a clear transition from contango to backwardation, signalling tightening nearby supplies despite lingering uncertainty in global vegetable oil demand. Competitive pressure from soft oils capped the pace of gains, but sentiment remained cautiously optimistic as regional refiners and importers replenished inventories.

This quarter marked a turning point after the subdued spring market, restoring confidence in palm olein’s pricing resilience. RBD Palm Olein ended the quarter at USD 882 per metric ton FOB Kelang.  

Palm Olein Price Trend Analysis: Q1 2024

Palm Olein began 2024 with moderate gains as prices increased by 5.1% despite traditionally slow post-holiday demand. Prices were supported by disciplined production in Malaysia and Indonesia, which helped offset weak biodiesel margins and ample vegetable oil stocks globally.

Early-year restocking by importing nations ahead of summer provided a temporary boost, though gains were tempered by ongoing competition from soybean and sunflower oils. The quarter laid the foundation for stronger pricing later in the year as sentiment shifted toward tightening supply. RBD Palm Olein closed Q1 2024 at USD 975 per metric ton FOB Kelang.  

India palm olein Price Trend, Analysis and Forecast

Palm Olein Price Trend Analysis: Q1 2025

Palm Olein prices in Q1 2025 saw a notable correction as India Palm olein prices reduced by 9.7% the tariff differential, making soft oils more competitive. Domestic oilseed output rose, swelling stocks and discouraging imports. Indian buyers adopted a cautious, wait-and-see approach, amplifying downward momentum.

Meanwhile, Malaysia’s coordinated production cuts aimed to stabilize prices, while Indonesia’s expanding biodiesel program redirected more palm oil away from food uses, tightening supply in certain segments. Volatility persisted, driven by complex trade flows and uncertain policy signals. RBD Palm Olein ended the quarter at USD 1,198 per metric ton CIF Nhava Sheva. 

Palm Olein Price Trend Analysis: Q2 2025

Palm Olein prices in Q2 2025 averaged lower as the prices declined by 12% on quarterly basis, particularly the monsoon-driven slowdown in India’s import demand, pressured the market. India’s swelling domestic oilseed stocks and competitive pricing from sunflower and soybean oils further dampened sentiment. However, late June brought mild support from Malaysian production constraints during Ramadan, alongside firmer crude palm oil (CPO) futures.

Despite some cautious optimism toward post-monsoon demand recovery, uncertainty lingered over India’s rising self-sufficiency in oilseeds and shifting import dynamics. According to PriceWatch, RBD Palm Olein closed the quarter at USD 1,051 per metric ton CIF Nhava Sheva. 

Palm Olein Price Trend Analysis: Q1 2024

Palm Olein began 2024 on a firmer note, with steady gains by 6.3% on quarterly basis despite modest demand. Southeast Asian production entered its seasonal low, while India’s pre-election economic activity provided a demand boost. The El Niño weather pattern’s delayed impact kept traders alert, as did evolving biodiesel policies in major producing countries.

Indian importers increasingly adopted hedging strategies and diversified sourcing, indicating a more sophisticated procurement approach. Market participants closely monitored weather and geopolitical developments ahead of the next production cycle. RBD Palm Olein closed the quarter at USD 902 per metric ton CIF Nhava Sheva. 

Palm Olein Price Trend Analysis: Q2 2024

Palm Olein prices in Q2 2024 moved steadily higher by 4.1% on quarterly basis, supported by improving crude oil prices that boosted biodiesel blending economics. Indonesia’s periodic export restrictions tightened availability, while India’s summer demand provided consistent import flows. However, the rally remained capped by India’s strategic buffer stock releases and large domestic oilseed inventories.

Russian sunflower oil’s growing competitiveness reshaped trade dynamics, while sustainability concerns started influencing procurement strategies, with rising inquiries for certified sustainable palm oil. RBD Palm Olein ended the quarter at USD 997 per metric ton CIF Nhava Sheva. 

Palm Olein Price Trend Analysis: Q3 2024

Palm Olein averaged higher by 8.3% in Q3 2024, supported by stronger crude palm oil futures, pre-Diwali stocking in India, and emerging production concerns in Malaysia. While early-quarter demand was soft, September brought renewed momentum as buyers replenished inventories. Competing pressures from India’s growing alternative oil stocks and competitive South American soybean oil offers limited the rally’s extent.

Energy market movements increasingly influenced biodiesel-linked palm demand, adding another layer of price sensitivity. Traders ended the quarter cautiously optimistic but wary of potential demand destruction if prices rose further. RBD Palm Olein closed the quarter at USD 1,078 per metric ton CIF Nhava Sheva. 

Palm Olein Price Trend Analysis: Q4 2024

Palm Olein prices in Q4 2024 surged by more than 20% on quarterly basis in the last quarter as supply constraints collided with robust seasonal demand. Malaysian stocks hit multi-month lows, Indonesia advanced its B35 biodiesel mandate, and production dipped seasonally. Indian festival buying further strained availability, driving intense competition among refiners.

Volatility was pronounced, with prices swinging sharply on changing export policies and currency fluctuations. Toward December, the market stabilized as post-festival demand eased and delayed shipments offered some supply relief. RBD Palm Olein finished the quarter at USD 1,327 per metric ton CIF Nhava Sheva. 

Global palm olein Supply Chain

Upstream
Downstream
  • Cooking Oil & Frying Oil
  • Food Industry (Instant Noodles, Snacks, Margarine)
  • Hotel, Restaurant, Catering (HORECA) Sector
  • Processed & Packaged Foods (Canned Goods, Dressings)
Major supplying countries
  • Malaysia
  • Indonesia
  • Thailand
  • India
Major importing countries
  • India
  • China
  • Middle East (UAE, Saudi Arabia)
  • Japan

India palm olein Supply Chain

Upstream
  • Palm Oil 
Downstream
  • Cooking Oil & Frying Oil
  • Food Industry (Instant Noodles, Snacks, Margarine)
  • Hotel, Restaurant, Catering (HORECA) Sector
  • Processed & Packaged Foods (Canned Goods, Dressings)
Major supplying countries
  • Malaysia
  • Indonesia
  • Thailand
  • India
Major importing countries
  • India
  • China
  • Middle East (UAE, Saudi Arabia)
  • Japan

Technical Specifications of Palm Olein Price Trends

Molecular Weight[g/mol]

~806–880 g/mol (approx. for common triglyceride structures)

CAS No

8002-75-3

HS Code

15119020 (or under 1511 series, depending on regional classification for palm oil fractions)

Molecular Formula

Varies; primarily composed of triglycerides of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids (C₅₇H₁₀₄O₆ typical)
palm olein

Palm Olein (Refined, Bleached, and Deodorized Palm Olein) is the liquid fraction obtained from the fractionation of refined palm oil. Derived from the mesocarp of the oil palm fruit, RBD Palm Olein undergoes refining processes to remove impurities, colour, and odour, resulting in a clear, light yellow oil with excellent oxidative stability. It remains fluid at ambient temperatures in tropical climates, making it ideal for household and industrial frying applications.

Packaging Type

Flexitanks/Flexibags

Palm Olein Grades Covered

RBD Palm Olein

Incoterms Used

CIF Shanghai (Malaysia), CIF Houston (Malaysia), CIF Nhava Sheva (Malaysia), CIF Sharjah (Malaysia), CIF Tokyo (Malaysia), FOB Port Kelang.

Synonym

RBD Palm Olein, Refined Palm Olein

PriceWatch Quotation Terms:

24 – 26MT

Ex-Location: This incoterm refers to a shipping agreement where the seller makes the goods available at their premises, and the buyer is responsible for all transportation costs, including shipping, insurance, and any other fees.
CIF: CIF refers to the Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF) terms for goods. Under CIF terms, the seller is responsible for the cost of goods, insurance, and freight charges until the goods reach the port of destination.
FD: FD stands for Free Delivered where the seller takes full responsibility for delivering goods to the location/port. This ensures the buyer receives the goods at the designated port with all necessary costs, except import duties, covered.
FOB: FOB refers to the Free On-Board shipping term, where the seller is responsible for the cost and risk of delivering the goods to the port. Once the goods are on board the vessel, the responsibility shifts to the buyer for all costs, including shipping and insurance.

Physical Property  Value (Palm Kernel Oil) 
Physical state  Liquid (at warm temperatures); semi-solid at room temp 
Colour  Light yellow to white 
Odour  Neutral to slightly nutty 
Melting point/freezing point  24–28 °C 
Boiling point or initial boiling point and range  >300 °C (decomposes before boiling) 
Flammability  Non-flammable under normal handling conditions 
Lower and upper explosion limit  Not applicable 
Flash point  >250 °C (open cup) 
Auto-ignition temperature  ~350 °C 
pH (value)  Not applicable (non-aqueous) 
Kinematic viscosity  33–42 mm²/s at 40 °C 
Dynamic viscosity  32–38 mPa·s at 40 °C 
Water solubility  Insoluble in water 
Partition coefficient n-octanol/water (log value)  ~6.5–7.0 
Vapour pressure  Negligible at 20 °C 
Density  0.89–0.91 g/cm³ at 20 °C 

Palm Olein Industrial Applications

RBD Palm Olein is widely used in edible oil blends, cooking oil, instant noodles, snacks, and processed foods. It is also utilized in non-food sectors such as biodiesel, soap manufacturing, and personal care products due to its favorable fatty acid composition and frying properties. Its high smoke point, extended shelf life, and neutral flavor make it especially valuable in the global food supply chain. 

Historically, several events have caused significant fluctuations in Palm Olein prices

Climate and Regulatory Impact – (2024) 
Heavy rains in Malaysia and drought conditions in Indonesia reduced fresh fruit bunch yields, affecting crude palm oil availability and refining throughput. Sustainability certification demands and stricter EU traceability regulations limited export volumes to Europe, tightening global supplies and contributing to further price increases. 

Feedstock & Logistic Disruptions – (2023) 
Extreme weather events in Southeast Asia, port congestion, and fluctuating crude palm oil (CPO) prices strained supply chains. Freight costs surged due to limited vessel availability. Meanwhile, high global inflation and tightening inventories in major importing nations like India and Bangladesh kept Palm Olein prices elevated. 

Russia-Ukraine War – (2022) 
The war disrupted sunflower oil exports, prompting many countries to substitute with palm-based oils. Palm Olein saw heightened demand, especially in Europe and the Middle East. Concurrent increases in energy, fertilizer, and transport costs further inflated production and distribution expenses, fuelling upward price pressure. 

Post-COVID Demand Recovery – (2021) 
As economies reopened, demand for Palm Olein surged, especially in foodservice, instant noodle manufacturing, and snack processing. Increased exports to India, China, and Africa tightened global supplies. Labor shortages in Malaysia and Indonesia hindered output recovery, pushing prices higher amid strong restocking by importers. 

The COVID-19 Pandemic – (2020) 
Global lockdowns and labour shortages disrupted oil palm harvesting and refining activities, including Palm Olein production. Restrictions on transportation and port operations led to delayed shipments. While retail cooking oil demand remained stable in some regions, bulk industrial usage dropped temporarily, causing price volatility due to uneven consumption patterns. 

Why PriceWatch?

PriceWatch is your trusted resource for tracking global palm olein price trends. Our platform delivers real-time data and expert analysis, offering deep insights into the key factors driving price fluctuations in the palm olein market. By monitoring critical events such as geopolitical tensions, supply chain disruptions, and economic shifts, PriceWatch keeps you fully informed of market dynamics.

In addition, PriceWatch provides detailed forecasts and updates on production capacities, enabling you to anticipate market changes and make well-informed decisions. With PriceWatch, you gain a competitive edge in understanding all the elements that influence palm olein prices worldwide. Stay ahead of the curve with PriceWatch’s reliable, accurate, and timely palm olein market data.

Track PriceWatch's palm olein price assessment on a weekly basis since 2015 onwards, along with short-term forecasts, and get access to the detailed report in a downloadable format.

Data Collection and Sources​

  • Real-Time Market Data: PriceWatch aggregates real-time pricing data from a diverse range of sources, including global commodity exchanges, industry reports, and proprietary databases. This ensures that our assessments reflect the most current market conditions. 
  • On-the-Ground Intelligence: Our team gathers insights directly from key market participants, including producers, suppliers, traders, and end-users, across major Palm Olein production hubs. This ground-level intelligence is crucial for understanding localized market dynamics.
  • Supply Chain Monitoring: We track the entire Palm Olein supply chain, from raw material availability to production and distribution channels. This includes monitoring feedstock prices, production capacities, and transportation logistics.

Event Tracking and Impact Analysis​

  • Geopolitical Tensions: PriceWatch continuously monitors global geopolitical developments, such as conflicts or trade disputes, which can significantly impact Palm Olein prices. Our analysis includes potential disruptions to supply chains and their immediate and long-term effects on pricing. 
  • Natural Disasters and Climate Events: We assess the impact of natural disasters, such as hurricanes or winter storms, on Palm Olein production facilities, particularly in vulnerable regions like the APAC coasts. These events are factored into our price forecasts and supply outlooks.
  • Economic Shifts: PriceWatch evaluates macroeconomic trends, including global economic growth, inflation rates, and sector-specific demand (e.g., food, personal care, and oleochemicals), to predict shifts in Palm Olein demand and corresponding price movements.

Production Capacity and Supply Analysis

  • Current Production Monitoring: We maintain a comprehensive database of global Palm Olein production facilities, tracking their operational status, maintenance schedules, and output levels. This allows us to assess current supply availability accurately. 
  • Future Capacity Projections: Our research includes detailed forecasts of upcoming Palm Olein production capacities, factoring in new plant constructions, expansions, and technological advancements. This helps in predicting future supply trends and potential price stabilization. 

Demand Forecasting

  • Sectoral Demand Analysis: PriceWatch provides an in-depth analysis of demand trends across key sectors, including food processing (e.g., confectionery, non-dairy creamers), personal care and cosmetics (e.g., soaps, lotions), and oleochemical industries (e.g., surfactants, fatty alcohols, and esters). We track year-on-year demand growth and project future consumption patterns based on economic indicators and industry developments. 
  • Global Demand Dynamics: Our methodology considers regional demand variations and how they influence global Palm Olein pricing. This includes understanding the impact of shifts in consumer preferences, trade agreements, manufacturing relocation, and sustainability regulations. 

Pricing Model Development

  • Dynamic Pricing Models: PriceWatch utilizes advanced econometric models to forecast Palm Olein  prices, incorporating real-time data, historical trends, and projected market conditions. Our models are continuously refined to enhance accuracy and predictive power. 
  • Scenario Analysis: We conduct scenario-based assessments to evaluate potential future market conditions. This includes best-case, worst-case, and most likely scenarios, helping our clients prepare for a range of market outcomes.

Reporting and Client Support

  • Comprehensive Reports: Our clients receive detailed reports that include current price assessments, future price forecasts, and in-depth analysis of market drivers. These reports are designed to be actionable, providing clear insights and recommendations. 
  • Ongoing Support: PriceWatch offers continuous updates and personalized support to our clients, ensuring they have the most up-to-date information to make informed decisions. Our experts are available to discuss specific market developments and provide tailored advice.

This research methodology ensures that PriceWatch delivers the most accurate, timely, and actionable Palm Olein pricing assessments, helping our clients stay ahead of market trends and make informed business decisions. 

Molecular Weight[g/mol]

~806–880 g/mol (approx. for common triglyceride structures)

CAS No

8002-75-3

HS Code

15119020 (or under 1511 series, depending on regional classification for palm oil fractions)

Molecular Formula

Varies; primarily composed of triglycerides of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids (C₅₇H₁₀₄O₆ typical)
palm olein

Palm Olein (Refined, Bleached, and Deodorized Palm Olein) is the liquid fraction obtained from the fractionation of refined palm oil. Derived from the mesocarp of the oil palm fruit, RBD Palm Olein undergoes refining processes to remove impurities, colour, and odour, resulting in a clear, light yellow oil with excellent oxidative stability. It remains fluid at ambient temperatures in tropical climates, making it ideal for household and industrial frying applications.

Packaging Type

Flexitanks/Flexibags

Grades Covered

RBD Palm Olein

Incoterms Used

CIF Shanghai (Malaysia), CIF Houston (Malaysia), CIF Nhava Sheva (Malaysia), CIF Sharjah (Malaysia), CIF Tokyo (Malaysia), FOB Port Kelang.

Synonym

RBD Palm Olein, Refined Palm Olein

PriceWatch Quotation Terms:

24 – 26MT

Ex-Location: This incoterm refers to a shipping agreement where the seller makes the goods available at their premises, and the buyer is responsible for all transportation costs, including shipping, insurance, and any other fees.
CIF: CIF refers to the Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF) terms for goods. Under CIF terms, the seller is responsible for the cost of goods, insurance, and freight charges until the goods reach the port of destination.
FD: FD stands for Free Delivered where the seller takes full responsibility for delivering goods to the location/port. This ensures the buyer receives the goods at the designated port with all necessary costs, except import duties, covered.
FOB: FOB refers to the Free On-Board shipping term, where the seller is responsible for the cost and risk of delivering the goods to the port. Once the goods are on board the vessel, the responsibility shifts to the buyer for all costs, including shipping and insurance.

Physical Property  Value (Palm Kernel Oil) 
Physical state  Liquid (at warm temperatures); semi-solid at room temp 
Colour  Light yellow to white 
Odour  Neutral to slightly nutty 
Melting point/freezing point  24–28 °C 
Boiling point or initial boiling point and range  >300 °C (decomposes before boiling) 
Flammability  Non-flammable under normal handling conditions 
Lower and upper explosion limit  Not applicable 
Flash point  >250 °C (open cup) 
Auto-ignition temperature  ~350 °C 
pH (value)  Not applicable (non-aqueous) 
Kinematic viscosity  33–42 mm²/s at 40 °C 
Dynamic viscosity  32–38 mPa·s at 40 °C 
Water solubility  Insoluble in water 
Partition coefficient n-octanol/water (log value)  ~6.5–7.0 
Vapour pressure  Negligible at 20 °C 
Density  0.89–0.91 g/cm³ at 20 °C 

Applications

RBD Palm Olein is widely used in edible oil blends, cooking oil, instant noodles, snacks, and processed foods. It is also utilized in non-food sectors such as biodiesel, soap manufacturing, and personal care products due to its favorable fatty acid composition and frying properties. Its high smoke point, extended shelf life, and neutral flavor make it especially valuable in the global food supply chain. 

Palm Olein Market Price Trend provided by PriceWatch is a base price and excludes VAT/Taxes, discounts, or offers. The information herein is accurate to the best of our knowledge as of the date indicated and is provided solely for the convenience of our customers as a reference for palm olein. PriceWatch disclaims any warranties or representations regarding the accuracy of results derived from this information. It is the sole responsibility of the user to assess the suitability of the product for their specific application. This document does not constitute an endorsement to use the product in violation of any applicable patent rights.

Palm Olein pricing is primarily influenced by the underlying crude palm oil (CPO) market, as it is refined directly from CPO. Key factors include palm fruit harvest yields, plantation productivity, and weather patterns in major producing regions like Malaysia and Indonesia. Demand from downstream industries—such as food manufacturing, bakery fats, instant noodles, oleochemicals, and soaps—also plays a crucial role. Global vegetable oil market trends, including soybean and sunflower oil prices, affect Palm Olein’s competitiveness. Additionally, logistics costs, currency fluctuations, export policies, and biodiesel mandates influence price movements. Monitoring these supply-demand dynamics and trade policies is essential for anticipating pricing trends.

Negotiating favourable Palm Olein pricing requires a strategic, informed approach. First, leverage market knowledge by staying updated on CPO trends, seasonal harvest forecasts, and downstream demand patterns, which strengthens your negotiation position. Exploring long-term contracts helps secure stable pricing, lock in volume-based discounts, and reduce exposure to short-term volatility. Considering alternative sources—such as soybean, sunflower, or kernel oils—can improve bargaining power when negotiating. Building long-term supplier relationships based on transparency and reliability ensures priority allocation during tight supply periods and opens doors for more flexible terms. Optimizing freight, delivery schedules, and incoterms further reduces total procurement costs.

Palm Olein procurement faces risks such as price volatility, supply disruptions, and quality inconsistencies. Prices fluctuate due to crude palm oil market shifts, global vegetable oil trends, weather impacts, and biodiesel policy changes. Supply disruptions can arise from seasonal harvest variations, extreme weather events, port congestion, or geopolitical issues affecting key exporting countries. Quality concerns, including free fatty acid (FFA) levels and storage-related deterioration, can disrupt downstream production. Mitigation strategies include using futures or forward contracts to manage price exposure, diversifying suppliers and sourcing regions to reduce dependency risks, and implementing strict quality control measures such as third-party inspections and regular lab testing to ensure consistency.

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