Price-Watchâ„¢ provides real-time price assessments and price forecasts for Testliner across top trading regions:
| Testliner Regional Coverage | Testliner Grade and Country Coverage | Testliner Pricing Data Coverage Explanation |
| Asia-Pacific Testliner Pricing Analysis | Testliner 140 GSM FOB Prices at Laem Chabang Port, Thailand | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 140 GSM Real-Time Export Prices from Laem Chabang Port, Thailand to Global Markets |
| Â | Testliner 175 GSM FOB Prices at Laem Chabang Port, Thailand | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 175 GSM Real-Time Export Prices from Laem Chabang Port, Thailand to Global Markets |
| Â | Testliner 140 GSM CIF Prices at Shanghai Port, China, Importing from Vietnam | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 140 GSM Real-Time Import Prices at Shanghai Port, China from Vietnam |
| Â | Testliner 140 GSM CIF Prices at Shanghai Port, China, Importing from Thailand | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 140 GSM Real-Time Import Prices at Shanghai Port, China from Thailand |
| Â | Testliner 175 GSM CIF Prices at Shanghai Port, China, Importing from Thailand | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 175 GSM Real-Time Import Prices at Shanghai Port, China from Thailand |
| Â | Testliner 175 GSM CIF Prices at Shanghai Port, China, Importing from Vietnam | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 175 GSM Real-Time Import Prices at Shanghai Port, China from Vietnam |
| Â | Testliner 140 GSM FOB Prices at Nhava Sheva Port, West India | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 140 GSM Real-Time Export Prices from Nhava Sheva Port, West India to Global Markets |
| Â | Testliner 140 GSM FOB Prices at Haiphong Port, Vietnam | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 140 GSM Real-Time Export Prices from Haiphong Port, Vietnam to Global Markets |
| Â | Testliner 175 GSM FOB Prices at Haiphong Port, Vietnam | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 175 GSM Real-Time Export Prices from Haiphong Port, Vietnam to Global Markets |
| Â | Testliner 140 GSM CIF Prices at Colombo Port, Sri Lanka, Importing from India | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 140 GSM Real-Time Import Prices at Colombo Port, Sri Lanka from India |
| North America Testliner Pricing Analysis | Testliner 140 GSM FOB Prices at Montreal Port, Canada | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 140 GSM Real-Time Export Prices from Montreal Port, Canada to Global Markets |
| Europe Testliner Pricing Analysis | Testliner 2 175 GSM FD Hamburg Domestic Prices, Germany | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 2 175 GSM Real-Time Domestic Prices in Hamburg, Germany |
| Â | Testliner 2 140 GSM FD Hamburg Domestic Prices, Germany | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 2 140 GSM Real-Time Domestic Prices in Hamburg, Germany |
| Â | Testliner 2 140 GSM FD Southampton Domestic Prices, UK | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 2 140 GSM Real-Time Domestic Prices in Southampton, UK |
| Â | Testliner 2 175 GSM FD Southampton Domestic Prices, UK | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 2 175 GSM Real-Time Domestic Prices in Southampton, UK |
| Â | Testliner 2 140 GSM FD Gdynia Domestic Prices, Poland | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 2 140 GSM Real-Time Domestic Prices in Gdynia, Poland |
| Â | Testliner 2 175 GSM FD Gdynia Domestic Prices, Poland | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 2 175 GSM Real-Time Domestic Prices in Gdynia, Poland |
| Â | Testliner 2 140 GSM FD Marseille Domestic Prices, France | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 2 140 GSM Real-Time Domestic Prices in Marseille, France |
| Â | Testliner 2 175 GSM FD Marseille Domestic Prices, France | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 2 175 GSM Real-Time Domestic Prices in Marseille, France |
| Â | Testliner 2 140 GSM FD Genoa Domestic Prices, Italy | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 2 140 GSM Real-Time Domestic Prices in Genoa, Italy |
| Â | Testliner 2 175 GSM FD Genoa Domestic Prices, Italy | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 2 175 GSM Real-Time Domestic Prices in Genoa, Italy |
| Middle East & Africa Testliner Pricing Analysis | Testliner 140 GSM CIF Prices at Jubail Port, Saudi Arabia, Importing from India | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 140 GSM Real-Time Import Prices at Jubail Port, Saudi Arabia from India |
| Â | Testliner 140 GSM CIF Prices at Jabel Ali Port, United Arab Emirates, Importing from India | Weekly Price Update on Testliner 140 GSM Real-Time Import Prices at Jabel Ali Port, United Arab Emirates from India |
Testliner Price Forecasts & Market Foresight Q3 2026
Outlook: Bullish
Confidence: High
Testliner prices are expected to remain on a bullish trajectory globally during Q3 2026, supported by firmer recovered paper (OCC), mixed paper, and recycled fiber costs, tightening supply availability, and strengthening procurement from corrugated box manufacturers.
Europe is likely to witness stronger upward momentum as packaging demand recovers following the summer holiday period, encouraging inventory replenishment and enabling producers to implement higher offers. Asia is expected to see improving packaging demand after the monsoon season, supported by stronger export orders, regional restocking, and increased buying activity from downstream converters.
North America is projected to maintain a steady upward trend, underpinned by disciplined mill operating rates, balanced-to-tight supply conditions, and resilient demand from food, beverage, FMCG, e-commerce, and industrial packaging sectors.
Global Testliner Market Overview by Region (July–September 2026)
| Country | Grade/ Incoterm | Outlook |
| Thailand | 175 GSM FOB Laem Chabang | Bullish |
| Thailand | 140 GSM FOB Laem Chabang | Bullish |
| China | 175 GSM CIF Shanghai (THAILAND) | Bullish |
| China | 140 GSM CIF Shanghai (THAILAND) | Bullish |
| Vietnam | 175 GSM FOB Haiphong | Bullish |
| China | 175 GSM CIF Shanghai (VIETNAM) | Mildly Bullish |
| Vietnam | 140 GSM FOB Haiphong | Bullish |
| China | 140 GSM CIF Shanghai (VIETNAM) | Mildly Bullish |
| Germany | Testliner 2 175 GSM FD Hamburg | Strongly Bullish |
| Germany | Testliner 2 140 GSM FD Hamburg | Strongly Bullish |
| India | 140 GSM FOB Nhava Sheva | Stable |
| Saudi Arabia | 140 GSM CIF Jubail (INDIA) | Bearish |
| Sri Lanka | 140 GSM CIF Colombo (INDIA) | Bearish |
| United Arab Emirates | 140 GSM CIF Jabel Ali (INDIA) | Bearish |
| Canada | 140 GSM FOB Montreal | Strongly Bullish |
| Poland | Testliner 2 175 FD GSM Gdynia | Mildly Bullish |
| Poland | Testliner 2 140 FD GSM Gdynia | Mildly Bullish |
| France | Testliner 2 175 FD GSM Marseille | Bullish |
| France | Testliner 2 140 GSM FD Marseille | Bullish |
| Italy | Testliner 2 175 GSM FD Genoa | Bullish |
| United Kingdom | Testliner 2 175 GSM FD Southampton | Bullish |
| United Kingdom | Testliner 2 140 GSM FD Southampton | Bullish |
| Italy | Testliner 2 140 GSM FD Genoa | Bullish |
*Testliner Forecast represents an analytical assessment based on information available at the time of publication. Actual market prices may vary due to unforeseen operational, regulatory, geopolitical, or economic developments.
Explore the Complete Price Watch™ Testliner Forecast
Access comprehensive Testliner market intelligence, including a 3-Month Rolling Forecast, 12-Month Price Forecast, forward price curves, country-wise market outlooks, procurement insights, and monthly forecast updates.
Explore Price Watch™ Testliner Forecasts
What’s Included
The 3-Month Forecast (Updated Monthly)
It reflects changes in OCC and recovered paper feedstock costs, energy prices, producer operating rates, plant outages, inventory levels, trade flows, freight rates, regional demand, and geopolitical developments affecting the global Testliner market.
The 12-Month Forecast (Published Annually)
It provides a strategic outlook based on expected capacity additions, supply-demand balances, feedstock economics, macroeconomic conditions, industrial production trends, trade policies, seasonal demand patterns, and long-term supply chain developments, supporting procurement, budgeting, and strategic planning.
Our Proprietary Hybrid Forecasting Model Evaluates:
- Feedstock & production economics
- Plant operating rates & outages
- Inventory and supply-demand balance
- Regional trade flows & freight
- Import-export dynamics
- Macroeconomic & geopolitical developments
Track Testliner Supply Disruptions in Real Time
As geopolitical risks continue to reshape global supply chains, stay ahead of the events that drive price movements by monitoring plant shutdowns, maintenance turnarounds, force majeure events, logistics bottlenecks, trade restrictions, and operational disruptions before they impact Testliner markets.
Access the Price Watch™ GIO Tracker
Testliner Price Trend Q2 2026
In Q2 2026, the global Testliner market has been experiencing a dramatic surge after the relatively modest gains seen earlier in the year, as tightening supply conditions, elevated production costs, and logistics disruptions have intensified market pressure.
As reflected in the Testliner Price Chart, producers have been facing higher recovered fibre (OCC), mixed paper, electricity, fuel, and freight costs, while buyers have been maintaining active procurement strategies due to concerns over limited availability and rising replacement costs.
At the same time, disrupted shipping routes and constrained mill capacity have been supporting stronger producer pricing despite varying downstream demand across key corrugated packaging markets. The Testliner Price Index has been highlighting a significantly firmer global market environment, with elevated input costs, restricted product availability, and sustained purchasing activity continuing to shape global Testliner pricing trends.
Thailand: Testliner Exported Prices FOB Laem Chabang, from Thailand; Grade- Testliner 140 GSM
In Q2 2026, the Testliner Price Trend in Thailand increased as producers raised export offers amid higher manufacturing and logistics costs. Improving demand from regional corrugated packaging markets, supported by e-commerce shipments, food packaging, consumer goods, and industrial packaging requirements, encouraged overseas buyers to replenish inventories despite firmer quotations.
Higher recovered paper prices, increasing freight and transportation costs, and elevated energy expenses strengthened producers’ export offers throughout the quarter, while disruptions to international shipping routes contributed to higher logistics expenses and supported FOB pricing. Testliner Price in Thailand therefore remained on an upward trajectory, with exporters implementing higher quotations as procurement activity improved and production costs remained elevated.
During May and June, additional increases were supported by firm regional packaging demand, higher recovered paper and energy costs, and limited availability of competitively priced material. In June 2026, Testliner Prices in Thailand continued to strengthen as producers maintained higher FOB Laem Chabang offers amid resilient downstream demand and elevated manufacturing costs.
The Testliner Price Index reflected sustained upward momentum in Thai export pricing, driven by rising recovered paper and energy costs, logistics pressures, inventory replenishment, and firm demand from e-commerce, food, consumer goods, and industrial packaging sectors
China: Testliner Imported Prices CIF Shanghai, China from Vietnam; Grade- Testliner 140 GSM
In Q2 2026, the Testliner Price Trend in China increased by 9.46% compared with Q1 2026, as Vietnamese suppliers raised export offers amid higher manufacturing and logistics costs. Improving demand from China’s corrugated packaging industry, supported by e-commerce shipments, food packaging, consumer goods, and industrial packaging requirements, encouraged importers to replenish inventories despite rising prices.
Higher recovered paper prices, increasing freight costs, and elevated energy expenses in Vietnam strengthened import offers throughout the quarter. At the same time, ongoing disruptions to international shipping lanes contributed to longer transit times and increased transportation expenses.
Testliner Price in China therefore remained on an upward trajectory, with April 2026 prices rising by 3.18% compared with March as buyers accelerated procurement activity while Vietnamese exporters implemented higher prices. During May and June, additional increases were supported by firm packaging demand, higher logistics costs, and limited availability of competitively priced imported material.
In June 2026, Testliner Prices in China continued to strengthen as higher Vietnamese export offers, elevated freight expenses, and resilient downstream demand supported firm import pricing. The Testliner Price Index highlighted the sustained upward momentum in Chinese import pricing, with higher recovered paper and energy costs, logistics disruptions, and strong packaging demand continuing to shape Testliner pricing trends.
India: Testliner Exported Prices FOB Nhava Sheva, from India; Grade- Testliner 140 GSM
In Q2 2026, the Testliner Price Trend in India recorded one of the strongest quarterly increases, with FOB Nhava Sheva prices rising 13.64% compared with Q1 2026. Export demand from the Middle East, Africa, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asian markets remained robust as buyers sought reliable regional suppliers amid continuing global supply-chain disruptions.
Rising domestic OCC prices, higher recovered fiber procurement costs, increasing electricity tariffs, fuel prices, labor expenses, and inland transportation costs significantly increased production expenses for Indian mills. Geopolitical tensions in the Middle East further intensified freight costs and export logistics challenges, enabling exporters to successfully pass through higher costs.
Testliner Price in India therefore remained on a strong upward trajectory, with April 2026 prices advancing by 5.56% compared with March following stronger export bookings and tightening supply conditions. Further gains were recorded during May and June as overseas demand remained healthy and manufacturers maintained disciplined production schedules while protecting profit margins.
In June 2026, Testliner Prices in India continued to strengthen as elevated production costs, firm export demand, and constrained availability supported higher FOB offers. The Testliner Price Index reflected the strong upward momentum in Indian export pricing, driven by rising recovered fiber and operating costs, higher freight expenses, disciplined mill production, and resilient overseas demand.
Vietnam:Â Testliner Exported Prices FOB Haiphong, from Vietnam; Grade- Testliner 140 GSM
In Q2 2026, the Testliner Price Trend in Vietnam increased by 7.04% compared with Q1 2026, supported by healthy overseas demand and steadily rising production costs. Export shipments to China and other Asian destinations remained active as corrugated packaging demand improved across the region.
Rising recovered paper prices, higher electricity costs, increasing freight charges, and elevated fuel expenses placed upward pressure on manufacturing costs for Vietnamese mills. Exporters benefited from relatively balanced supply conditions and steady production rates throughout the quarter.
Testliner Price in Vietnam therefore remained on a gradual upward trajectory, with April 2026 prices rising by 1.10% compared with March as improving buying interest and modest cost increases encouraged suppliers to raise offers. During May and June, prices continued to strengthen gradually amid stable export demand and persistent logistics-cost inflation.
In June 2026, Testliner Prices in Vietnam continued to firm as higher recovered paper, energy, fuel, and freight costs supported producer offers. The Testliner Price Index reflected the steady upward momentum in Vietnamese export pricing, driven by rising production costs, stable regional demand, balanced supply conditions, and persistent logistics-cost pressures.
Sri Lanka: Testliner Imported Prices CIF Colombo, India from Shri Lanka; Grade- Testliner 140 GSM
In Q2 2026, the Testliner Price Trend in Sri Lanka increased by 7.14% compared with the previous quarter, largely reflecting higher export prices from India and increasing international freight costs. Demand from corrugated box manufacturers serving food, beverages, consumer goods, pharmaceuticals, and retail packaging remained stable, encouraging regular import procurement.
Rising transportation costs, elevated marine insurance expenses, and higher production costs at Indian paper mills contributed to firmer CIF prices throughout the quarter. Testliner Price in Sri Lanka therefore remained on an upward trajectory, with April 2026 prices increasing by 5.00% compared with March as Indian suppliers implemented price hikes following higher recovered paper and energy costs.
Import prices continued to rise during May and June as logistics expenses remained elevated and regional demand supported sustained purchasing activity. In June 2026, Testliner Prices in Sri Lanka continued to strengthen as higher Indian export offers, freight expenses, and resilient downstream demand supported firmer import pricing.
The Testliner Price Index reflected the sustained upward momentum in Sri Lankan import pricing, driven by rising source-market costs, elevated logistics and marine insurance expenses, and stable demand from food, beverage, pharmaceutical, retail, and consumer-goods packaging sectors.
United Arab Emirates: Testliner Imported Prices CIF Jabel Ali, India from United Arab Emirates; Grade- Testliner 140 GSM
In Q2 2026, the Testliner Price Trend in the UAE recorded the sharpest quarterly increase among major Testliner markets, with CIF Jebel Ali prices surging by 40.00% compared with Q1 2026. The escalation of the Iran conflict significantly disrupted shipping through the Strait of Hormuz, creating severe freight constraints and substantially increasing transportation costs into the Gulf region.
Simultaneously, Indian exporters increased offer prices due to rising recovered fiber costs, electricity tariffs, fuel prices, and strong overseas demand. Regional corrugated packaging demand remained resilient across food packaging, FMCG, construction materials, and industrial applications, allowing importers to absorb higher prices.
Testliner Price in the UAE therefore remained under strong upward pressure, with April 2026 prices jumping by 23.00% compared with March as freight rates escalated sharply and buyers accelerated purchases to secure material before further disruptions.
Additional price gains were observed during May and June as supply-chain challenges persisted and import availability remained constrained. In June 2026, Testliner Prices in the UAE continued to strengthen as elevated freight costs, higher Indian export offers, and tight regional availability supported firmer CIF pricing.
The Testliner Price Index reflected the exceptional upward momentum in UAE import pricing, driven by shipping disruptions, rising source-market costs, elevated logistics expenses, and resilient demand from food, FMCG, construction, and industrial packaging sectors.
Canada: Testliner Exported Prices FOB Montreal, from Canada; Grade- Testliner 140 GSM
In Q2 2026, the Testliner Price Trend in Canada increased by approximately 11.00% compared with Q1 2026, driven by higher recovered paper (OCC), mixed paper, electricity, natural gas, fuel, labour, and transportation costs that raised production expenses for Canadian mills.
Elevated freight costs and global logistics disruptions further supported export pricing, while healthy demand from corrugated packaging manufacturers across North American and overseas markets strengthened order volumes. Testliner Price in Canada therefore remained on a strong upward trajectory throughout the quarter as producers implemented higher export offers to recover rising manufacturing and logistics costs.
In June 2026, Testliner Prices in Canada continued to strengthen amid elevated input costs, disciplined mill operating rates, and resilient export demand. The Testliner Price Index reflected the sustained upward momentum in Canadian export pricing, driven by higher recovered fiber, energy, labour, and logistics costs and firm corrugated packaging demand.
Germany: Testliner Domestically traded Prices FD Hamburg, In Germany; Grade- Testliner 140 GSM
In Q2 2026, the Testliner Price Trend in Germany increased by 7.48% compared with Q1 2026. Rising recovered paper prices, higher electricity and natural gas costs, increasing transportation expenses, and firm demand from corrugated packaging manufacturers contributed to higher domestic prices.
Demand from food packaging, e-commerce, industrial packaging, and consumer goods sectors remained healthy throughout the quarter. Testliner Price in Germany therefore remained on an upward trajectory, with April 2026 prices increasing by 1.27% compared with March as producers passed through higher manufacturing costs.
Additional gains during May and June reflected sustained cost inflation and stable domestic demand. In June 2026, Testliner Prices in Germany continued to strengthen as elevated recovered paper, energy, and transportation costs supported higher producer offers while downstream demand remained resilient.
The Testliner Price Index reflected the sustained upward momentum in German domestic pricing, driven by rising production costs, stable corrugated packaging demand, and firm consumption across food packaging, e-commerce, industrial packaging, and consumer goods sectors.
UK: Testliner Domestically traded Prices FD Southampton, In UK; Grade- Testliner 140 GSM
In Q2 2026, the Testliner Price Trend in the UK increased by 6.92% compared with Q1 2026. Higher recovered paper procurement costs, rising electricity and fuel expenses, and increasing transportation charges supported upward price revisions across the domestic market. Packaging demand from food, beverages, e-commerce, and consumer goods remained relatively stable, supporting consistent purchasing activity.
Testliner Price in the UK therefore remained on an upward trajectory, with April 2026 prices rising by 1.18% compared with March as mills responded to increasing operating costs. Prices continued rising moderately through May and June while maintaining balanced supply-demand conditions.
In June 2026, Testliner Prices in the UK continued to strengthen gradually as higher recovered paper, energy, fuel, and transportation costs supported producer offers despite balanced market fundamentals. The Testliner Price Index reflected the moderate upward momentum in British domestic pricing, driven by rising input costs, stable packaging demand, and consistent purchasing activity across food, beverage, e-commerce, and consumer-goods sectors.
Poland: Testliner Domestically traded Prices FD Gdynia, In Poland; Grade- Testliner 140 GSM
In Q2 2026, the Testliner Price Trend in Poland increased by 7.00% compared with Q1 2026. Higher recovered paper costs, increasing electricity prices, elevated transportation expenses, and healthy demand from packaging converters supported the market throughout the quarter. Strong regional demand from Central and Eastern Europe enabled producers to maintain firm pricing while operating at balanced production levels.
Testliner Price in Poland therefore remained on an upward trajectory, with April 2026 prices increasing by 1.23% compared with March as mills adjusted offers to reflect higher production costs. The market continued strengthening during May and June amid stable order books and disciplined supply management.
In June 2026, Testliner Prices in Poland continued to strengthen as elevated recovered paper, electricity, and transportation costs supported higher producer offers while regional demand remained firm. The Testliner Price Index reflected the sustained upward momentum in Polish domestic pricing, driven by rising production costs, healthy packaging demand, stable order books, and disciplined supply management across Central and Eastern Europe.
France: Testliner Domestically traded Prices FD Marseille, In France; Grade- Testliner 140 GSM
In Q2 2026, the Testliner Price Trend in France increased by 7.00% compared with the previous quarter. Rising recovered paper costs, increasing electricity and natural gas prices, and higher transportation expenses increased manufacturing costs for domestic producers.
Demand from food packaging, retail packaging, and industrial corrugated applications remained stable, supporting steady purchasing activity. Testliner Price in France therefore remained on an upward trajectory, with April 2026 prices increasing by 1.00% compared with March as mills implemented moderate price adjustments. Prices continued to strengthen during May and June as higher operating costs supported the market.
In June 2026, Testliner Prices in France continued to rise as elevated recovered paper, energy, and transportation costs supported firmer producer offers amid stable downstream demand. The Testliner Price Index reflected the sustained upward momentum in French domestic pricing, driven by higher manufacturing costs, stable purchasing activity, and resilient demand from food, retail, and industrial corrugated packaging sectors.
Italy: Testliner Domestically traded Prices FD Genoa, In Italy; Grade- Testliner 140 GSM
In Q2 2026, the Testliner Price Trend in Italy increased by 7.10% compared with Q1 2026. Rising recovered paper costs, higher electricity tariffs, increasing fuel prices, and stronger packaging demand supported domestic price growth throughout the quarter. Corrugated box manufacturers maintained healthy purchasing activity as demand from food, beverage, e-commerce, and consumer goods industries remained stable.
Testliner Price in Italy therefore remained on an upward trajectory, with April 2026 prices rising by 1.20% compared with March as producers responded to increasing production costs. Continued gains were recorded during May and June amid balanced supply conditions and firm domestic demand.
In June 2026, Testliner Prices in Italy continued to strengthen as elevated recovered paper, electricity, and fuel costs supported higher producer offers while downstream demand remained resilient. The Testliner Price Index reflected the sustained upward momentum in Italian domestic pricing, driven by rising input costs, balanced supply conditions, and healthy demand from food, beverage, e-commerce, and consumer-goods packaging sectors.
Saudi Arabia: Testliner Imported Prices CIF Jubail, Saudi Arabia from India; Grade- Testliner 140 GSM
In Q2 2026, the Testliner Price Trend in Saudi Arabia rose sharply by 31.00% compared with Q1 2026. Higher Indian export prices, significantly elevated freight rates, and severe logistics disruptions resulting from the Iran conflict substantially increased import costs into the Kingdom. Strong demand from construction materials, food packaging, FMCG, industrial packaging, and logistics sectors supported continued purchasing despite higher prices.
Testliner Price in Saudi Arabia therefore remained under strong upward pressure, with April 2026 prices surging by 35.00% compared with March as shipping constraints intensified across Gulf trade routes and importers rushed to secure cargoes before further freight increases. Prices remained elevated throughout May and June as transportation costs stayed high and supply availability remained tight.
In June 2026, Testliner Prices in Saudi Arabia continued to remain elevated as higher Indian export offers, persistent freight pressures, and constrained cargo availability supported firm import pricing. The Testliner Price Index reflected the sharp upward momentum in Saudi Arabian import pricing, driven by elevated source-market costs, severe logistics disruptions, high freight rates, and resilient demand from construction, food, FMCG, industrial packaging, and logistics sectors.







